以往将肺动脉高压分为“原发性”和“继发性”两类,随着认识的逐步深入,肺动脉高压的分类也在不断完善。2008年世界卫生组织(WHO)第4届肺动脉高压会议重新修订了肺动脉高压分类,共分为5大类:①动脉性肺动脉高压;②左心疾病所致肺动脉高压;③肺部疾病和(或)低氧所致肺动脉高压;④慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压;⑤未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压(表2-11-1)。该分类考虑了病因或发病机制、病理与病理生理学特点,对于制订患者的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义。
表2-11-12008年WHO第四届肺动脉高压会议修订的肺动脉高压分类
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1.动脉型肺动脉高压(pulmonaryarterialhypertension,PAH) |
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1.1特发性(idiopathic) |
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1.2遗传性(heritable) |
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1.2.1骨形成蛋白受体2(bonemorphogeneticproteinreceptortype2,BMPR2) |
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1.2.2激活素受体样激酶l(activinreceptor-likekinasetypel,ALK1),内皮因子(伴或不伴遗传性出血 |
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性毛细血管扩张症)[endoglin(withorwithouthereditaryhemorrhagictelangiectasia)] |
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1.2.3未知遗传因素(unknown) |
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1.3药物所致和毒物所致肺动脉高压(drug-andtoxin-induced) |
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1.4疾病相关性肺动脉高压(associatedwith) |
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1.4.1结缔组织疾病(connectivetissuediseases) |
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1.4.2HIV感染(humanimmunodeficiencyvirusinfection) |
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1.4.3门静脉高压(portalhypertension) |
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1.4.4先天性心脏病(congenitalheattdiseases) |
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1.4.5血吸虫病(schistosomiasis) |
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1.4.6慢性溶血性贫血(chronichemolyticanemia) |
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1.5新生儿特续性肺动脉高压(persistentpulmonaryhypertensionofthenewbom) |
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1′肺静脉闭塞病和(或)肺毛细血管瘤样增生症[pulmonariyveno-occlusivedisease(PVOD)and/orpulmonarycapillaryhemangiomatosis(PCH)] |
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2.左心疾病所致肺动脉高压(pulmonaryhypertensionowingtoleftheartdisease) |
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2.1收缩性心功能不全(systolicdysfunction) |
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2.2舒张性心功能不全(diastolicdysfunction) |
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2.3心脏瓣膜病(valvulardisease) |
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3.肺部疾病和(或)低氧所致肺动脉高压(pulmonaryhypertensionowingtolungdiseasesand/orhypoxia) |
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3.1慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease) |
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3.2间质性肺疾病(interstitiallungtdisease) |
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3.3其他限制性与阻塞性通气障碍并存的肺部疾病(otherpulmonalrydiseaseswithmixedrestrictiveand |
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obstructivepattern) |
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3.4睡眠呼吸障碍(sleep-disorderedbreathing) |
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3.5肺泡低通气(alveolarhgpoventilationdisorders) |
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3.6长期居住高原环境(chronicexposuretohighaltitude) |
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3.7肺发育异常(developmentalabnormalities) |
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4.慢性血梭检塞性脯动脉高压(chronicthrornboembolicpulmonaryhypertension,CTEPH) |
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5.未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压(pulmonaryhypertensionwithunclearmultifactorialmechanisms) |
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5.1血液系统疾病(hematologicdisorders):骨髓增生异常(myeloproliferativedisorders),脾切除(splenectomy) |
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5.2系统性疾病(systemicdisorders):结节病(sarcoidosis),肺朗汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症(pulmonaryLangerhanscell histiocytosis),淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis),神经纤维瘤(neurofibromatosis),血管炎(vasculitis) |
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5.3代谢性疾病(metabolicdisorders):糖原贮积症(glycogenstoragedisease),戈谢病(Gaucherdisease),甲状腺疾痫(thyroiddisorders) |
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5.4其他(others):肿瘤阻塞(tumoralobstruction),纤维素性纵隔炎(fibrosingmediastinitis),接受透析治疗的慢性肾功能不全(chronicrenalfailureondialysis) |
动脉性肺动脉高压、肺部疾病或低氧所致肺动脉高压、CTEPH及未明多因素机制所致肺动脉高压都属于毛细血管前性肺动脉高压,血流动力学特征为mPAP≥25mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压(pulmonarycapillarywedgepressure,PCWP)或左心室舒张末压<15mmHg。左心疾病所致肺动脉高压属于毛细血管后性肺动脉高压,血流动力学特征为mPAP≥25mmHg,PCWP或左心室舒张末压>15mmHg。肺动脉高压的严重程度可根据静息状态下mPAP水平分为“轻”(26~35mmHg)、“中”(36~45mmHg)、“重”(>45mmHg)三度。
