北京张博士医考张银合博士携全体优秀老师助大家考试顺利通过!
肺动脉高压的分类
肺动脉高压曾经被习惯性地分为“原发性”和“继发性”两类,随着对PH认识的逐步深入,2003年世界卫生组织(WHO)“肺动脉高压会议”按照病因、病理生理、治疗方法及预后特点将PH分为五个大类,每一大类根据病因及损伤部位的不同又可分为多个亚类,该分类方法对于制定PH患者的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义。美国胸科医师学院(ACCP)和欧洲心血管病学会(ESC) 2004年又对此分类法进行了修订(表2-9-1)。
表2-9-1PH的分类命名(根据WHO2003,ACCP2004,ESC2004综合修订)
|
1.动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonaryarterialhypertension,PAH) |
|
(1)特发性PAH(idiopathicPAH,IPAH) |
|
(2)家族性PAH(familialPAH,FPAH) |
|
(3)相关疾病/因素所致PAH(associatedwith,APAH): |
|
胶原血管病(collagenvasculardisease) |
|
先天性体–肺分流(congenitalsystemic-to-pulmonaryshunts) |
|
门静脉高压(portalhypertension) |
|
HIV感染(HIVinfection) |
|
药物/毒素(drugsandtoxins) |
|
其他(other): |
|
甲状腺功能异常(thyroiddisorders),糖原蓄积症(glycogenstoragedisease),戈谢病(Gaucherdisease),遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症(hereditaryhemorrhagictelangiectasia),血红蛋白病(hemoglobinopathies),骨髓增生异常(myeloproliferativedisorders),脾切除术(splenectomy) |
|
(4)广泛肺静脉或毛细血管受累疾病相关性PAH |
|
(associatedwithsignificant/substantialvenousorcapillaryinvolvement) |
|
肺静脉闭塞病(pulmonaryveno-occlusivedisease) |
|
肺毛细血管瘤(pulmonarycapillaryhemangiomatosis) |
|
(5)新生儿持续性PH(persistentpulmonaryhypertensionofthenewborn) |
|
2.静脉性肺动脉高压(左心系统疾病伴发PH) |
|
(pulmonaryvenoushypertension,pulmonaryhypertensionwithleftheartdisease) |
|
(1)左房/左室性心脏病(left-sidedatrialorventricularheartdisease) |
|
(2)左心瓣膜性心脏病(left-sidedvalvularheartdisease) |
续表
|
3.低氧血症相关性肺动脉高压(pulmonaryhypertensionassociatedwithlungdiseasesorhypoxemiaorboth) |
|
(1)慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD) |
|
(2)间质性肺疾病(interstitiallungdisease) |
|
(3)睡眠呼吸障碍(sleep-disorderedbreathing) |
|
(4)肺泡低通气病变(alveolarhypoventilationdisorders) |
|
(5)高原环境下慢性缺氧(chronicexposuretohighaltitude) |
|
(6)肺发育异常(developmentalabnormalities) |
|
4.慢性血栓或(和)栓塞性PH |
|
(pulmonaryhypertensionduetochronicthromboticorembolicdiseaseorboth) |
|
(1)肺动脉近端血栓栓塞(thromboembolicobstructionofproximalpulmonaryarteries) |
|
(2)肺动脉远端血栓栓塞(thromboembolicobstructionofdistalpulmonaryarteries) |
|
(3)非血栓性(肿瘤、寄生虫、异物等)肺栓塞(non-thrombolicpulmonaryembolism) |
|
5.其他原因所致PH(Miscellaneous) |
|
结节病(sarcoidosis),肺朗格汉斯细胞增生症(pulmonaryLangerhans’s-cellhistiocytosis),淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangiomatosis),肺血管受压(淋巴结肿大、肿瘤、纤维素性纵隔炎等) |
肺动脉高压(PH)、尤其是动脉性肺动脉高压(PAH)具有潜在致命性,早期明确诊断、及时规范治疗是获得最佳疗效的关键,否则患者预后极差。国外研究结果表明,特发性动脉性肺动脉高压(IPAH)多在患者出现症状后2年左右才能确诊,而确诊后的自然病程仅2.5~3.4年。
「张博士医考www.guojiayikao.com整理,如有转载,请注明出处」
